ARMY AREA HANDBOOK access is provided courtesy of UM-St. Louis Libraries Match 101 DB Rec# - 694 Dataset-ARMAN Source :U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY Source key :AR Program :ARMY AREA HANDBOOKS Program key :AR ARMAN Update sched. :Occasionally ID number :AR ARMAN CHINAAPP-A Title :APPENDIX - A Data type :TEXT End year :1994 Date of record:04/19/1994 Keywords 3 : | China Text : APPENDIX A Table 1 Metric Conversion Coefficients 2 Provincial-Level Units and Selected Urban Centers, Pinyin Form and Wade-Giles Form 3 Selected Place-Names, Pinyin Form and Conventional Form 4 Climatic Statistics for Twenty Selected Stations 5 Age Structure, 1982 Census 6 Population, 1953-87. Reconstructed Data Model 7 Estimated Distribution of Population by Region, 1987 8 Cities with Populations over 1 Million, 1982 9 Size and Distribution of Minority Nationalities, 1982 10 Number of Schools and Students, Selected Years, 1957-85 11 Composition of Gross Value of Agricultural Output, Selected Years, 1955-85 12 Manufactured Agricultural Inputs, Selected Years, 1955-85 13 Grain Production and Per Capita Consumption of Selected Products, Selected Years, 1955-85 14 Agricultural Exports and Imports, 1985 15 Production, Use, and Import of Major Commodities, Selected Years, 1952-85 16 Gross Value of Industrial Output, by Region, 1952, 1957, and 1983 17 Composition of Trade, Selected Years, 1970-85 18 Major Trading Partners, 1986 Table 1. Metric Conversion Coefficients and Factors _________________________________________________________________________ When you know Multiply by To find _________________________________________________________________________ Millimeters 0.04 inches Centimeters 0.39 inches Meters 3.30 feet Kilometers 0.62 miles Hectacres (10,000 m squared) 2.47 acres Square kilometers 0.39 square miles Cubic meters 35.30 cubic feet Liters 0.26 gallons Kilograms 2.20 pounds Metric tons 0.98 long tons 1.10 short tons 2,204.00 pounds Degrees Celsius 9.00 degrees Fahrenheit (Centigrade) divide by 5 and add 32 _________________________________________________________________________ Table 2. Provincial-Level Units and Selected Urban Centers, Pinyin Form and Wade-Giles Forms ______________________________________________________________________ Pinyin to Wade-Giles Wade-Giles to Pinyin ______________________________________________________________________ Provincial-Level Units Anhui .......... An-hui An-hui ............. Anhui Beijing ........ Pei-ching Che-chiang ......... Zhejiang Fujian ......... Fu-chien Chiang-hsi ......... Jiangxi Gansu .......... Kan-su Chiang-su .......... Jiangsu Guangdong ...... Kuang-tung Chi-lin ............ Jilin Guangxi-Zhuang. Kuang-hsi-Chuang Ch'ing-hai ......... Qinghai Guizhou ........ Kui-chou Fu-chien............ Fujian Hebei .......... Ho-pei Hei-lung-chiang .... Heilongjiang Heilongjiang ... Hei-lung-chiang Ho-nan ............. Henan Henan .......... Ho-nan Ho-pei ............. Hebei Hubei .......... Hupei Hsin-chiang- Xinjiang- Hunan .......... Hu-nan Wei-wu-erh ....... Uygur Jiangsu ........ Chiang-su Hsi-tsang .......... Xizang Jiangxi ........ Chiang-hsi Hu-nan ............. Hunan Jilin .......... Chi-lin Hupei .............. Hubei Liaoning ....... Liao-ning Kan-su ............. Gansu Nei Monggol .... Nei-meng-ku Kuang-hsi- Guangxi- Ningxia-Hui .... Ning-hsia-Hui Chuang ........... Zhuang Qinghai ........ Ch'ing-hai Kuang-tung ......... Guangdong Shaanxi ........ Shen-hsi Kui-chou ........... Guizhou Shandong ....... Shan-tung Liao-ning .......... Liaoning Shanghai ....... Shang-hai Nei-meng-ku ........ Nei Monggol Shanxi ......... Shan-hsi Ning-hsia-Hui ...... Ningxia-Hui Sichuan ........ Ssu-ch'uan Pei-ching .......... Beijing Tianjin ........ Tien-chin Shang-hai .......... Shanghai Xinjiang- Hsin-chiang- Shan-hsi ........... Shanxi Uygur ........ Wei-wu-erh Shan-tung .......... Shandong Xizang ......... Hsi-tsang Shen-hsi ........... Shaanxi Yunnan ......... Yun-nan Ssu-ch'uan ......... Sichuan Zhejiang ....... Che-chiang Tien-chin .......... Tianjin Yun-nan ............ Yunnan Selected Urban Centers Changchun ....Ch'ang-ch'un Ch'ang-ch'un..... Changchun Chengdu ......Ch'eng-tu Ch'eng-tu ........ Chengdu Chongqing....Ch'ung-ch'ing Ch'ing-tao ....... Qingdao Dalian .......Ta-lien Ch'ung-ch'ing .... Chongqing Guangzhou ....Kuang-chou Ha-erh-pin ....... Harbin Harbin .......Ha-erh-pin Hsi-an ........... Xi'an Lda* ........L-Ta Kuang-chou ....... Guangzhou Nanjing ...... Nan-ching L-Ta* ........... Lda Qingdao ......Ch'ing-tao Nan-ching ........ Nanjing Shenyang .....Shen-yang Shen-yang ........ Shenyang Taiyuan ......T'ai-yuan T'ai-yuan ........ Taiyuan Wuhan ........Wu-han Ta-lien .......... Dalian rmqi ....... Wu-lu-mu-ch'i Wu-han ........... Wuhan Xi'an ........Hsi-an Wu-lu-mu-ch'i .... rmqi Yan'an .......Yen-an Yen-an ........... Yan'an _________________________________ _____________________________________ * Lda/L-Ta comprises the twin cities of Lshun/L-shun (variant: Port Arthur) and Dalian/Ta-lien (variant: Dairen). Source: Based on information from United States Department of Interior, Board on Geographic Names, Gazetteer of the People's Republic of China: Pinyin to Wade-Giles, Wade-Giles to Pinyin, Washington, July 1979. Table 3. Selected Place-Names, Pinyin Form and Conventional Form ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- to Conventional Conventional Pinyin* Form Form to Pinyin* ----------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- Beijing ....... Peking Amoy ................ Xiamen Chang Jiang ..... Yangtze River Amur River .......... Heilong Jiang Da Hinggan Greater Khingan Argun River.......... Ergun He Ling .......... Range Brahmaputra River ... Yarlung Zang- Dongbei bo Jiang Pingyuan ....... Manchurian Plain Canton .............. Guangzhou Ergun He ........ Argun River China, People's Zhonghua Renmin Gangdise Shan ... Kailas Range Republic of ....... Gongheguo Guangzhou ....... Canton Dzungarian Basin .... Junggar Pendi Guangxi-Zhuang Kwangsi-Chuang Zizhiqu ...... Autonomous Great Wall .......... Wanli Region Changcheng Heilong Jiang .. Amur River Greater Khingan Da Hinggan Huang He ....... Yellow River Range ............. Ling Junggar Pendi .. Dzungarian Basin Hainan Strait ....... Qiongzhou Haixa Karakorum Inner Mongolian Shankou ...... Karakoram Pass Autonomous Kunlun Shan .... Kunlun Mountains Region (Inner Nei Monggol Lancang Jiang .. Mckong River Mongolia) ......... Zizhiqu Mu Us Shamo .... Ordos Desert Kailas Range ........ Gangdise Shan Nei Monggol Inner Mongolian Karakoram Pass ...... Karakorum Zizhiqu....... Autonomous Shankou Region (Inner Kashgar ............. Kashi Mongolia) Koko Nor ............ Qinghai Hu Ningxia-Hui Ninghsia-Hui Kunlun Mountains .... Kunlun Shan Zizhiqu ...... Autonomous Kwangsi-Chuang Region Autonomous Guangxi-Zhuang Nu Jiang ....... Salween River Region ............ Zizhiqu Qaidam Pendi ... Tsaidam Basin Lesser Khingan Xiao Hinggan Qingdao ........ Tsingtao Range ............. Ling Qinghai Hu...... Koko Nor Manchurian Plain .... Dongbei Pingyuan Qing-Zang Gaoyuan ...... Tibet, Plateau of Mckong River ........ Lancang Jiang Qin Ling ....... Tsinling Mountains Ninghsia-Hui Qiongzhou Autonomous Ningxia-Hui Haixia ....... Hainan Strait Region ............ Zizhiqu Shantou ........ Swatow Ordos Desert ........ Mu Us Shamo Sichuan Pendi .. Szechwan Basin Pearl River ......... Zhu Jiang Songhua Hu ..... Sungari Reservoir Peking .............. Beijing Songhua Jiang .. Sungari River Red River ........... Yuan Jiang Taklimakan Takla Makan Salween River ....... Nu Jiang Shamo ........ Desert Tarim He ....... Tarim River Sinkiang-Uighur Xinjiang- Tarim Pendi .... Tarim Basin Autonomous Uygur Tianjin ........ Tientsin Region ............ Zizhiqu Tian Shan ...... Tien Shan Sungari Reservoir ... Songhua Hu Tumen Jiang .... Tumen River Sungari River ....... Songhua Jiang Turpan Pendi ... Turfan Depression Swatow .............. Shantou Wanli Szechwan Basin ...... Sichuan Pendi Changcheng ... Great Wall Takla Makan Taklimakan Wusuli Jiang ... Ussuri River Desert ............ Shamo Xiamen ......... Amoy Tarim Basin ......... Tarim Pendi Xiao Hinggan Lesser Khingan Tarim River ......... Tarim He Ling ......... Range Tibetan Autonomous Xizang Xinjiang- Sinkiang Region (Tibet) .... Zizhiqu Uygur Uighur Tibet, Plateau of ... Qing-Zang Zizhiqu ...... Autonomous Gaoyuan Region Tien Shan ........... Tian Shan Xizang Tibetan Autonomous Tientsin ............ Tianjin Zizhiqu ...... Region (Tibet) Tsaidam Basin ....... Qaidam Pendi Yalu Jiang ..... Yalu River Tsingtao ............ Qingdao Yarlung Brahmaputra Tsinling Mountains .. Qin Ling Zangbo Jiang.. River Tumen River ......... Tumen Jiang Yuan Jiang ..... Red River Turfan Depression ... Turpan Pendi Zhonghua Renmin China, People's Ussuri River ........ Wusuli Jiang Gongheguo .... Republic of Yalu River .......... Yalu Jiang Zhu Jiang ...... Pearl River Yangtze River ....... Chang Jiang Yellow River ........ Huang He ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- *Including generic parts of Chinese place-names. Source: Based on information from United States Department of Interior, Board on Geographic Names, Gazetteer of the People's Republic of China, Pinyin to Wade-Giles, Wade-Giles to Pinyin, Washington, July 1979, 915-16. Table 4. Climatic Statistics for Twenty Selected Stations ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ _ Temperature (in degrees Celsius) Humidity (in per centage) Precipitation (in millimeters) Sunshine (in percentage ) Station January July Annual January July Annual January July Annual January July Annual ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ _ Beijing -4.7 26.0 11.6 44 77 59 2.6 196.6 682.9 69 62 6 3 Chengdu 5.6 25.8 16.3 79 85 82 5.0 228.9 976.0 24 39 2 8 Golmud -11.8 17.6 3.7 42 36 34 0.8 6.9 38.3 n.a. n.a. n.a . Guangzhou 13.4 28.3 21.8 69 84 78 39.1 219.6 1680.5 42 56 4 4 Haikou 17.1 28.4 23.8 85 82 85 26.4 188.6 1689.6 n.a. n.a. n.a . Hami -12.3 27.7 9.9 66 32 40 1.6 6.4 33.4 72 72 7 6 Harbin -19.7 22.7 3.6 73 77 67 4.3 176.5 553.5 61 51 5 9 Hohhot -13.5 21.8 5.6 57 64 56 2.4 104.4 426.1 70 60 6 7 Hotan -5.7 25.5 12.1 52 41 42 1.6 3.4 35.0 n.a. n.a. n.a . Kunming 7.8 19.7 14.8 68 83 72 10.0 216.4 991.7 73 36 5 7 Lanzhou -7.3 22.4 9.1 59 60 59 1.4 59.3 331.9 63 58 6 0 Lhasa -2.3 14.9 7.5 28 67 45 0.2 141.7 453.9 78 51 6 8 Qingdao -2.6 24.7 11.9 67 88 74 7.6 209.7 777.4 63 43 5 8 Shanghai 3.3 27.9 15.7 74 83 80 44.3 142.4 1128.5 45 57 4 6 Shenyang -12.7 24.6 7.7 65 78 65 8.3 217.7 755.4 59 48 5 8 Taipei 14.6 28.6 22.3 84 78 82 100.0 255.4 2047.5 n.a. n.a. n.a . Wuhan 2.8 29.0 16.3 76 79 79 35.5 179.0 1260.1 40 61 4 7 Xi'an -1.3 26.7 13.3 66 71 71 7.6 105.9 604.2 48 51 4 6 Xisha Islands 22.8 28.6 26.4 78 84 82 19.0 231.3 1392.2 n.a. n.a. n.a . Yinchuan -9.2 23.5 8.5 60 64 59 1.0 38.2 205.5 76 64 6 8 ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ _ n.a.--not available. Source: Based on information from Physical Geography of China, Beijing, 1986, 2 06-09. Table 5. Age Structure, 1982 Census ________________________________________________________________________________ __________ Population Percentage Age-Group (in thousands)* of total* ________________________________________________________________________________ __________ 0-4 94,704 9.43 5-9 110,736 11.03 10-14 131,811 13.13 15-19 125,366 12.49 20-24 74,363 7.41 25-29 92,564 9.22 30-34 72,958 7.27 35-39 54,222 5.40 40-44 48,438 4.82 45-49 47,403 4.72 50-54 40,816 4.07 55-59 33,894 3.38 60-64 27,362 2.73 65-69 21,260 2.12 70-74 14,348 1.43 75-79 8,617 0.86 80-84 3,705 0.37 85-89 1,088 0.11 90 and over 257 0.03 ________________________________________________________________________________ __________ TOTAL 1,003,912 100.02 ________________________________________________________________________________ __________ *Approximate because of rounding. Source: Based on information from Zhongguo 1982 Nian Renkou Pucha Ziliao (Dianz i Jisuanji Huizong) [1982 Population Census of China (Results of Compute r Tabulation)], Beijing, March 1985, 272-81. Table 6. Population, 1953-87. Reconstructed Data Model* ________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________ Crude Crude Rate of Total Infant Birth Death Natural Fertility Mortality Midyear Rate Rate Increase Rate Life Rate Population (per (per (per (per Expectancy (per Year (thousands) thousand) thousand) thousand) thousand) at birth thousand) ________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________ 1953 584,191 42.24 25.77 16.47 6.05 40.25 175 1954 594,725 43.44 24.20 19.24 6.28 42.36 164 1955 606,730 43.04 22.33 20.71 6.26 44.60 154 1956 619,136 39.89 20.11 19.78 5.86 46.99 143 1957 633,215 43.25 18.12 25.13 6.40 49.54 132 1958 646,703 37.76 20.65 17.11 5.68 45.82 146 1959 654,349 28.53 22.06 6.47 4.31 42.46 160 1960 650,661 26.76 44.60 -17.84 4.02 24.56 284 1961 644,670 22.43 23.01 -0.58 3.29 38.44 183 1962 653,302 41.02 14.02 27.00 6.03 53.00 89 1963 674,249 49.79 13.81 35.98 7.51 54.91 87 1964 696,065 40.29 12.45 27.84 6.18 57.08 86 1965 715,546 38.98 11.61 27.37 6.07 57.81 84 1966 735,904 39.83 11.12 28.71 6.26 58.59 83 1967 755,320 33.91 10.47 23.44 5.32 59.41 82 1968 776,153 40.96 10.08 30.88 6.45 60.29 81 1969 798,641 36.22 9.91 26.31 5.73 60.84 76 1970 820,403 36.98 9.54 27.44 5.82 61.41 70 1971 842,456 34.87 9.24 25.63 5.45 61.98 65 1972 863,439 32.45 8.85 23.60 4.99 62.55 60 1973 883,020 29.85 8.58 21.27 4.54 62.96 56 1974 901,318 28.08 8.32 19.76 4.17 63.37 52 1975 917,899 24.79 8.07 16.72 3.58 63.79 49 1976 932,671 23.05 7.84 15.21 3.23 64.21 45 1977 946,100 21.04 7.65 13.39 2.85 64.63 41 1978 958,766 20.73 7.52 13.21 2.72 65.06 37 1979 971,786 21.37 7.61 13.76 2.75 64.98 39 1980 983,379 17.63 7.65 9.98 2.24 64.89 42 1981 994,905 21.04 7.73 13.31 2.69 64.80 44 1982 1,008,175 21.09 7.89 13.20 2.71 64.72 46 1983 1,020,722 18.66 7.93 10.73 2.28 65.05 42 1984 1,032,814 17.52 7.79 9.73 2.11 65.46 40 1985 1,043,203 17.82 7.72 10.10 2.12 65.75 39 1986 1,053,716 17.43 7.69 9.74 2.03 65.99 38 1987 1,064,147 17.38 7.65 9.73 2.00 66.24 37 ________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________ *Data in this table may vary from officially reported statistics. Source: Based on information from computer reconstruction provided by Judith Ba nister, China Branch, Center for International Research, U.S. Bureau of the Census, January 1987. Table 7. Estimated Distribution of Population by Region, 1987 ________________________________________________________________________________ ______________ Density Population Area (people Region* (in (in square per square Provincial-Level Unit thousands) kilometers) kilometer) ________________________________________________________________________________ ______________ Northeast Heilongjiang 33,945 460,000 74 Jilin 23,230 180,000 129 Liaoning 37,203 140,000 266 North Beijing 10,200 16,807 607 Hebei 56,364 180,000 313 Nei Monggol 20,689 1,200,000 17 Shanxi 26,724 150,000 178 Tianjin 8,396 11,305 743 East Anhui 52,225 130,000 402 Fujian 27,708 120,000 231 Jiangsu 62,622 100,000 626 Jiangxi 35,135 160,000 220 Shandong 78,231 150,000 521 Shanghai 12,323 6,185 1,992 Zhejiang 40,695 100,000 407 Central-South Guangdong 63,987 210,000 305 Guangxi 39,928 230,000 174 Henan 78,440 160,000 490 Hubei 49,802 180,000 277 Hunan 57,229 210,000 272 Southwest Guizhou 30,102 170,000 177 Sichuan 103,201 570,000 181 Xizang 2,062 1,200,000 2 Yunnan 34,728 390,000 89 Northwest Gansu 20,875 450,000 46 Ningxia 4,266 60,000 71 Qinghai 4,237 720,000 6 Shaanxi 30,277 190,000 159 Xinjiang 14,108 1,600,000 9 ________________________________________________________________________________ ______________ *Regional divisions are for descriptive purposes only and have no official admin istrative significance. Source: Based on information from China Handbook Editorial Committee, China Han dbook Series: Geography, Beijing, 1983, 131-253. Table 8. Cities with Population over 1 Million, 1982 ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________ Total Populati on of Suburban Provincial- Population City Dis tricts Population City Level Unit (in thousands)* (in thou sands)* (in thousands)* ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________ Shanghai Shanghai 6,321 6, 321 0 Beijing Beijing 5,598 2, 418 3,180 Tianjin Tianjin 5,143 3, 943 1,999 Shenyang Liaoning 4,003 2, 658 1,345 Wuhan Hubei 3,252 2, 624 628 Guangzhou Guangdong 3,148 1, 943 1,205 Chongquing Sichuan 2,634 456 2,179 Harbin Heilongjiang 2,543 2, 543 0 Chengdu Sichuan 2,467 1, 238 1,229 Zibo Shandong 2,232 2, 232 0 Xi'an Shaanxi 2,197 1, 227 969 Nanjing Jiangsu 2,134 1, 206 928 Liupanshui Guizhou 2,090 2, 090 0 Taiyuan Shanxi 1,775 1, 240 534 Changchun Jilin 1,757 1, 307 450 Dalian Liaoning 1,479 967 512 Zhengzhou Henan 1,428 900 527 Kunming Yunnan 1,426 581 845 Lanzhou Gansu 1,416 1, 183 234 Jinan Shandong 1,338 876 462 Tangshan Hebei 1,338 1, 338 0 Guiyang Guizhou 1,319 740 579 Taian Shandong 1,270 1, 270 0 Zaozhuang -do- 1,238 1, 238 0 Pingxiang Jiangxi 1,225 265 960 Qiqihar Heilongjiang 1,224 1, 224 0 Anshan Liaoning 1,214 888 326 Fushun -do- 1,193 1, 050 142 Hangzhou Zhejiang 1,192 1, 192 0 Qingdao Shandong 1,174 1, 174 0 Fuzhou Fujian 1,129 787 342 Shaoxing Zhejiang 1,107 134 973 Jilin Jilin 1,079 804 275 Changsha Hunan 1,076 834 243 Baotou Nei Monggol 1,070 1, 070 0 Shijiazhuang Hebei 1,066 1, 066 0 Nanchang Jiangxi 1,061 832 23 Huainan Anhui 1,025 1, 025 0 ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________ d.o.--ditto *Approximate because of rounding. Source: Based on information from Zhongguo 1982 Nian Renkou Pucha Ziliao (Dianz i Jisuanji Huizong) [1982 Population Census of China (Results of Computer Tabulation)], Be ijing, March 1985, 64- 85. Table 9. Size and Distribution of Minority Nationalities, 1 982 ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________ Minority Approximate Nationality Population Major Areas of Distribution ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________ Zhuang 13,400,000 Guangxi-Zhuang Autonomous Region ; Yunnan, Guangdong, Guizhou provinces Hui 7,200,000 Ningxia-Hui Autonomous Region; G ansu, Henan, Qinghai, Yunnan, Hebei, Shando ng provinces; Xinjiang-Uygur Autonomous Regi on Uygur 6,000,000 Xinjiang-Uygur Autonomous Region ; Hunan Province Yi 5,500,000 Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou provinc es; Guangxi- Zhuang Autonomous Region Miao 5,000,000 Guizhou, Hunan, Yunnan, Sichuan provinces; Guangxi-Zhuang Autonomous Regi on Manchu 4,300,000 Liaoning, Heilongjiang, Jilin, H ebei provinces; Nei Monggol Autonomous Region; Beijing Municipality Zang (Tibetan) 3,800,000 Xizang Autonomous Region; Sichua n, Qinghai, Gansu provinces Monggol 3,400,000 Nei Monggol Autonomous Region; L iaoning Province; Xinjiang-Uygur Auton omous Region Tujia 2,800,000 Hubei, Hunan, and Sichuan provin ce Bouyei 2,100,000 Guizhou Province Korean 1,800,000 Jilin, Heilongjiang, and Liaonin g provinces Dong 1,400,000 Guizhou, Hunan provinces; Guangx i-Zhuang Autonomous Region Yao 1,400,000 Guangxi-Zhuang Autonomous Region ; Hunan, Yunnan, Guangdong provinces Bai 1,100,000 Yunnan Province Hani 1,100,000 -do- Kazak 900,000 Xinjiang-Uygur Autonomous Region Li 890,000 Guangdon, Guizhou provinces Dai 840,000 Yunnan Province Lisu 480,000 -do- She 370,000 Fujian, Zhejiang provinces Lahu 300,000 Yunnan Province Va 300,000 -do- Shui 290,000 Guizhou Province Dongxiang 280,000 Gansu Province, Xinjiang-Uygur A utonomous Region Naxi 250,000 Yunnan Province Tu 160,000 Qinghai Province Kirgiz 114,000 Xinjiang-Uygur Autonomous Region Qiang 100,000 Sichuan Province Daur 95,000 Nei Monggol Autonomous Region; H eilongjiang Province Jingpo 93,000 Yunnan Province Mulao 90,000 Guangxi-Zhuang Autonomous Region Xibe 84,000 Liaoning Province; Xinjiang-Uygu r Autonomous Region Salar 69,000 Qinghai, Gansu provinces Bulang 58,000 Yunnan Province Gelao 54,000 Guizhou Province Maonan 38,000 Guangxi-Zhuang Autonomous Region Tajik 27,000 Xinjiang-Uygur Autonomous Region Pumi 24,000 Yunnan Province Nu 23,000 -do- Achang 20,000 -do- Ewenki 19,000 Nei Monggol Autonomous Region; H eilongjiang Province Jing 13,000 Guangxi-Zhuang Autonomous Region ; Guizhou, Guangsdong provinces Benglong 12,000 Yunnan Province Uzbek 12,000 Xinjiang-Uygur Autonomous Region Jinuo 12,000 Yunnan Province Yugur 11,000 Gansu Province Baoan 9,000 -do- Drung 4,600 Yunnan Province Tartar 4,100 Xinjiang-Uygur Autonomous Region Oroqen 4,100 Nei Monggol Autonomous Region; H eilongjiang Province Russian 2,900 Xinjiang-Uygur Autonomous Region Gaoshan 1,700 Fujian, Guizhou provinces Hezhe 1,500 Heilongjiang Province Moinha 1,140 Xizang Autonomous Region Lhoba 1,100 -do- Other 800,000 Guizhou, Yunnan province ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________ d.o.--ditto Source: Based on information from Zhongguo 1982 Nian Renkou Pucha Ziliao (Dianzi Jisuanji Huizong) [1982 Population Census of China (Results of Computer Tabulation)], Beijing, March 1985, 218-31. Table 10. Number of Schools and Students, Selected Years, 1957-85 ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Kind of School 1957 1965 1975 1985 ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Number of schools Institutions of higher learning1............... 229 434 387 1,016 Secondary schools Regular ................ 11,096 18,102 123,505 93,221 Technical .............. 728 871 1,326 2,529 Teacher training ....... 592 394 887 1,028 Agricultural and vocational ........... n.a. 61,626 n.a. 8,070 ------- ------ ------- ------- Total secondary schools .......... 12,4742 80,993 125,718 104,848 Primary schools .......... 547,306 1,681,939 1,093,317 832,309 Kindergartens ............ 16,420 19,226 171,749 172,262 Schools for blind and for deaf students ...... 66 266 246 350 Number of students[3] Institutions of higher learning1 ............... 44.1 67.4 50.1 170.3 Secondary schools Regular ................ 628.1 933.8 4,466.1 4,706.0 Technical .............. 48.2 39.2 40.5 101.3 Teacher training ....... 29.6 15.5 30.2 55.8 Agricultural and vocational ........... n.a. 443.3 n.a. 229.5 ------- -------- ------- ------- Total secondary schools .............. 708.12 1,431.8 4,536.8 5,092.6 Primary schools .......... 6,428.3 11,620.9 15,094.1 13,370.2 Kindergartens ............ 108.8 171.3 620.0 1,479.7 Schools for blind and for deaf students ...... 0.8 2.3 2.7 3.8 ----------------------------------------------------------------------- n.a.--not available. [1] Institutions of higher learning include colleges and universities, professional colleges, and scientific research institutions. They do not include adult education, spare-time colleges, or correspondence schools. [2] Total as provided in original source. [3] Tens of thousands. Source: Based on information from China, State Statistical Bureau, Statistical Yearbook of China, 1986. Oxford, New York, Tokyo: Oxford University Press, 1986, 623, 626. Table 11. Composition of Gross Value of Agricultural Output, Selected Years, 1955-85 (in percentage) ----------------------------------------------------------------- Sector 1955 1965 1975 1985 ----------------------------------------------------------------- Crops ......................... 81.8 75.8 72.5 49.8 Livestock ..................... 12.2 14.0 14.0 14.5 Forestry ...................... 1.2 2.0 2.9 3.8 Fishery ....................... 0.4 1.7 1.5 1.8 Sideline production ........... 4.4 6.5 9.1 30.1 ----------------------------------------------------------------- TOTAL ......................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 ----------------------------------------------------------------- Source: Based on information from China, State Statistical Bureau, Zhongguo Tongji Nianjian (China Statistical Yearbook), Beijing, 1985 and 1986, various pages. Table 12. Manufactured Agricultural Inputs, Selected Years, 1955-85 ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Item Unit 1955 1965 1975 1985 ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Chemical Fertilizer Production ....... thousands of tons 255 1,726 5,247 13,350 Use .............. thousands of tons 200 1,942 5,369 17,758 Tractors Large ............ thousands 5 73 345 864 Small ............ thousands --- 4 599 3,810 Rural electrical power consumption ...... millions of kilowatt hours 104 3,710 18,310 51,200 Chemical pesticides production ....... thousands of tons 26 193 422 205 ----------------------------------------------------------------------- --- means negligible. Source: Based on information from United States, Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, Agricultural Statistics of the People's Republic of China, 1949-82, Statistical Bulletin No. 714, October 1984, 29-34; and China, State Statistical Bureau, Zhongguo Tongji Nianjian (China Statistical Yearbook), Beijing, 1986, 147-49. Table 13. Grain Production and Per Capita Consumption of Selected Products, Selected Years, 1955-85 ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 1955[1] 1965 1975 1985 ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Grain Production[2] Wheat .......................... 22,965 25,220 45,310 85,810 Rice ........................... 78,025 87,720 125,560 168,857 Corn ........................... 20,320 23,660 47,220 63,830 Sorghum ........................ 9,529 7,100 10,750 5,610 Millet ......................... 10,276 6,200 7,150 5,980 Potatoes ....................... 15,120 19,860 28,570 26,040 Soybeans ....................... 9,120 6,140 7,240 10,509 Other .......................... 18,580 18,625 12,765 12,474 ------- ------- ------- ------- Total grain production ....... 183,935 194,525 284,565 379,110 Per capita consumption[3] Grain .......................... 195.0 183.0 190.0 254.0 Edible oil ..................... 2.2 1.7 1.7 5.1 Pork ........................... 4.9 6.3 7.6 14.0 Beef and mutton ................ 1.0 1.0 0.7 1.3 Poultry ........................ 0.5 0.4 0.4 1.6 Eggs ........................... 1.2 1.4 1.6 5.0 Aquatic products ............... 4.0 3.3 3.3 4.9 Sugar .......................... 1.1 1.7 2.3 5.6 ----- ----- ----- ----- Total per capita consumption . 274.7 198.8 209.6 291.5 ----------------------------------------------------------------------- [1] Estimate. [2] Thousands of tons. [3] Kilograms. Source: Based on information from China, State Statistical Bureau, Zhongguo Tongji Nianjian (China Statistical Yearbook), Beijing, 1986. Table 14. Agricultural Exports and Imports, 1985 (in millions of United States dollars) ------------------------------------------------------ Value ------------------------------------------------------ Exports Textile fibers ........................... 1,163 Fresh and frozen meat .................... 987 Fruits and vegetables .................... 984 Grain .................................... 782 Coffee, tea, and spices .................. 524 Oilseed and nuts ......................... 502 Crude animal and vegetable materials ..... 494 Live animals ............................. 329 Other .................................... 747 ----- Total exports .......................... 6,512 Imports Textile fibers ........................... 1,576 Grain .................................... 1,050 Wood ..................................... 647 Crude rubber ............................. 315 Sugar .................................... 216 Tobacco .................................. 201 Other .................................... 655 ----- Total imports .......................... 4,660 ------------------------------------------------------ Source: Based on information from United States Central Intelligence Agency, China: International Trade, Fourth Quarter, 1985, Research Paper, No. EA CIT 86-001, July 1986, 8-11. Table 15. Production, Use, and Import of Major Commodities, Selected Years, 1952-85 (in millions of tons) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Grain Cotton Chemical Fertilizer Grain Year Output Output Use Imports ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 1952 ............ 161 1.3 0.078 0.0 1957 ............ 191 1.6 0.373 0.2 1965 ............ 195 2.1 1.942 6.4 1970 ............ 240 2.3 4.266* 5.4 1975 ............ 275 2.4 5.369 3.7 1980 ............ 321 2.7 12.694 13.4 1985 ............ 379 4.2 17.758 5.7 ----------------------------------------------------------------------- * Estimate. Source: Based on information from China, State Statistical Bureau, Zhongguo Tongji Nianjian (China Statistical Yearbook), Beijing, 1981-86, various pages; and Zhongguo Nongye Nianjian (China Agricultural Yearbook), Beijing, 1980-86, various pages. Table 16. Gross Value of Industrial Output, by Region, 1952, 1957, and 1983 (in millions of 1952 yuan)[1] --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Region[2] 1952 1957 1983[3] 1983[4] Provincial-Level Unit --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Northeast Heilongjiang ............ 1,189 3,930 34,406 28,850 Jilin ................... 1,102 2,378 24,704 16,507 Liaoning ................ 4,523 11,710 71,549 51,664 ----- ------ ------- ------ Total northeast ....... 6,814 18,018 130,659 97,021 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- North Beijing ................. 825 2,300 39,954 25,060 Hebei ................... 1,342 2,805 33,660 25,269 Nei Monggol ............. 192 757 9,195 7,534 Shanxi .................. 643 1,832 19,055 15,187 Tianjin ................. 1,836 4,300 34,830 22,920 ----- ------ ------- ------ Total north ........... 4,838 11,994 136,694 95,970 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ East Anhui ................... 628 1,501 20,348 16,069 Fujian .................. 414 1,224 13,276 9,581 Jiangsu ................. 2,584 4,553 81,970 56,945 Jiangxi ................. 575 1,173 13,945 10,620 Shandong ................ 2,091 4,068 53,625 40,558 Shanghai ................ 6,510 12,969 102,629 67,858 Zhejiang ................ 1,099 2,374 37,783 26,811 ------ ------ ------- ------- Total east ............ 13,901 27,862 323,576 228,442 ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Central-South Henan ................... 881 1,705 31,033 23,664 Hubei ................... 955 2,799 43,268 31,266 Hunan ................... 770 1,819 28,574 29,586 Guangdong ............... 1,745 3,812 44,016 30,594 Guangxi ................. 343 798 12,585 9,488 ----- ------ ------- ------- Total central-south ... 4,694 10,933 159,476 124,598 ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Southwest Guizhou ................. 269 605 8,569 6,223 Sichuan ................. 1,649 4,873 46,706 33,997 Xizang .................. --- 10 154 130 Yunnan .................. 333 1,101 11,270 8,916 ----- ----- ------ ------ Total southwest ....... 2,251 6,589 66,699 49,266 ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Northwest Gansu ................... 230 560 12,132 8,811 Ningxia ................. 10 25 2,145 1,612 Qinghai ................. 837 101 1,928 1,427 Shaanxi ................. 381 1,263 18,538 12,945 Xinjiang ................ 175 446 5,947 5,349 ----- ----- ------ ------ Total northwest ....... 1,633 2,395 40,690 30,144 ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Total ................... 34,031 77,791 857,797 599,232 ------------------------------------------------------------------------- --- means negligible. [1] For value of yuan--see Glossary. [2] Regional divisions are for descriptive purposes only and have no official administrative significance. [3] Actual. [4] To make the shares of output comparable and the output indexes measure real growth, the data for 1983 are converted from 1980 prices to 1952 prices by deflating the output of industrial branches of industry within each provincial-level unit by the national price indexes for the respective branches. Source: Based on information from Robert Michael Field, "China: The Changing Structure of Industry," pages 526-27, in United States Congress, 99th, 2d Session, Joint Economic Committee, ed., China's Economy Looks Toward the Year 2000, 1: The Four Modernizations, Washington, 1986. Table 17. Composition of Trade, Selected Years, 1970-85[1] (in percentage) ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1970 1975 1980 1985 ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Exports Food and live animals ............. 30.6 28.7 17.0 12.5 Beverages and tobacco ............. 0.9 1.1 0.6 0.4 Crude materials (including textiles, fibers, and wastes) ... 17.6 11.8 9.6 9.4 Petroleum and petroleum products ........................ 2.8 14.4 23.3 23.0 Edible oils ....................... 1.2 0.8 0.4 4.2 Chemicals ......................... 5.3 5.0 6.2 5.1 Manufactured goods (including finished textiles and iron and steel products) ............. 27.4 23.1 23.3 19.8 Machinery and transport equipment ....................... 3.5 3.6 3.2 3.8 Miscellaneous manufactures ........ 10.4 11.2 15.9 21.3 Other ............................. 0.2 0.4 0.3 4.2 Total exports[2] ................ 99.9 100.1 99.8 103.7 ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Imports Food and live animals ............. 16.1 11.9 14.8 4.1 Crude materials (excluding fuels) .......................... 11.5 10.7 17.2 8.4 Petroleum and petroleum products ........................ 2.0 1.9 0.9 1.3 Edible oils ....................... 0.2 0.6 0.9 1.3 Chemicals ......................... 15.2 11.9 11.3 9.3 Manufactured goods (including iron and steel products)......... 33.7 32.1 23.7 27.5 Machinery and transportation equipment ....................... 19.8 29.4 27.7 41.5 Miscellaneous manufactures ........ 1.2 1.1 2.5 6.2 Other ............................. --- 0.4 0.9 1.5 Total imports[2] ................ 97.7 100.0 99.9 101.1 ------------------------------------------------------------------------- --- means negligible. [1] Free on board. [2] Totals do not add to 100 percent because of rounding. Source: Based on information from United States Central Intelligence Agency, Handbook of Economic Statistics, 1986, September 1986, 106-107. Table 18. Major Trading Partners, 1986 ----------------------------------------------------- Percentage of Trade ----------------------------------------------------- Exports Hong Kong ...................... 31.6 Japan .......................... 15.3 United States .................. 8.5 United Kingdom ................. 4.6 Soviet Union ................... 4.0 Singapore ...................... 3.9 Jordan ......................... 3.4 West Germany ................... 3.3 Netherlands .................... 1.5 Poland ......................... 1.5 Other ......................... 22.4 ----- Total exports ................ 100.0 Imports Japan .......................... 28.9 Hong Kong ...................... 13.1 United States .................. 10.8 West Germany ................... 8.4 Soviet Union ................... 3.4 Australia ...................... 3.2 Italy .......................... 2.6 United Kingdom ................. 2.3 Canada ......................... 2.3 France ......................... 1.7 Other ......................... 23.3 ----- Total imports ................ 100.0 ----------------------------------------------------- Source: Based on information from China, General Administration of Customs, Chinese Customs Statistics, No. 1 (1987) [Hong Kong], April 1987, table 4, in Business China [Hong Kong], June 22, 1987, 92. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- This file extracted from Dept. of Commerce, Economics & Statistic's Division's May 1994 NATIONAL TRADE DATA BANK (NDTB) CD-ROM, SuDoc C1.88:994/5/V.2 Processed 6/10/1994 by RCM (UM-St. Louis Libraries)/ AAH90100 . ARMY AREA HANDBOOK access is provided courtesy of UM-St. Louis Libraries Match 102 DB Rec# - 695 Dataset-ARMAN Source :U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY Source key :AR Program :ARMY AREA HANDBOOKS Program key :AR ARMAN Update sched. :Occasionally ID number :AR ARMAN CHINAAPP-B Title :APPENDIX - B Data type :TEXT End year :1994 Date of record:04/19/1994 Keywords 3 : | China Text : APPENDIX B Chronology or List 1 Chronology of National Party Congresses and Plenums, 1921-87 2 Selected Foreign-Trade Corporations and Enterprises, 1987 3 Government Organizations, 1987 4 Diplomatic Recognitions, 1949-87 Table 1. Chronology of National Party Congresses and Plenums, 1921-87 ______________________________________________________________________ Congress Plenum Date Significance Location ______________________________________________________________________ First Shanghai ...... First July 1921 Attended by thirteen representatives; elected general secretary and three-man Central Bureau; developed general political program. Mao Zedong recording secretary. Chinese Communist Party (CCP) had fifty-seven members. Second Shanghai ...... First July 1922 Adopted concept of democratic centralism (see Glossary), elected Central Executive Committee (in 1927 shortened to Central Committee), and decided to join Comintern (see Glossary). Accepted united front with Guomindang, although opposed by some, as temporary expedient to combat warlords and foreign imperialism. Party grew to 123 members. Third Guangzhou ..... First June 1923 Under Comintern pressure, formally sanctioned united-front policy made CCP members concurrently Guomindang members. Tension built as CCP attempted to fulfill conflicting goals of national and social revolutions. Party had 432 members in 1923. Fourth Shanghai ...... First January 1925 CCP's activist role in labor Beijing ....... Second October 1925 and peasant circles Beijing ....... Third July 1928 augmented by explosive anti-imperialist social movements. Growing CCP influence increased strains in united front. Secretariat established to handle documentation and communications. Party had 950 members by 1925. Fifth Wuhan ......... First April- Elected CCP's first May 1927 Political Bureau. Tensions mounted within party over concessions to maintain united front. After abandonment of united front policy in mid-July, the August 7 Emergency Conference elected new party leadership, emphasized tight organization and party discipline, and called for armed struggle against Guomindang. Over 10,000 party members on rolls. Sixth Moscow ........ First June-July 1928 Conflict arose among leaders concerning proper course Shanghai ...... Second November 1929 for the Chinese revolution: revolutionary movement Shanghai ...... Third September 1930 responsive to local--mainly rural--conditions; urban Shanghai ...... Fourth January 1931 revolution; or strict Ruijin ........ Fifth January 1934 adherence to Moscow's Yan'an ........ Sixth October 1938 instructions. Mao Zedong, Yan'an ........ Seventh April 1945 a leader in rural-oriented group, emerged dominant by 1935, bolstered by his military skill during the Long March (1934-35). Mao Zedong Thought formally adopted at the Seventh Plenum. The Sino-Japanese War (1937-45) and the concomitant second united front with Guomindang against Japan became sources of inner-party tension. Party grew from 40,000 in 1928 to 1.2 million by 1945. Seventh Yan'an ........ First April-June 1945 Party Constitution of 1945 stressed greater centralism. Xibaipo ....... Second March 1949 After defeat of the Beijing ....... Third June 1950 Guomindang and the Beijing ....... Fourth February 1954 After defeat of the Beijing ....... Fifth April 1955 Guomindang and establishment Beijing ....... Sixth October 1955 of the People's Republic of Beijing ....... Seventh September 1956 China in October 1949, party emphasis on indoctrination, rectification, and mass campaigns was supplemented with economic recovery and consolidation programs. Focus of party work shifted from countryside to cities. Party membership totaled 10.2 million by 1956. Eighth [First Session] September 1956 Beijing....... First September 1956 Mao advocated "struggle" between the two opposing Beijing ....... Second November 1956 lines--rapid communization and continuing revolution, Beijing ....... Third September- which he favored, and October 1957 central planning, reliance on party organizations, and Beijing ....... Fourth May 1958 limited individual incentives. The failure of the Great Leap [Second Session] May 1958 Forward (1956-60) led to a Beijing ....... Fifth May 1958 temporary ascendancy of Liu Wuchang ....... Sixth November- Shaoqi, Deng Xiaoping, and December 1958 others who stressed planned development. In response, Shanghai ...... Seventh April 1959 Mao turned to Lin Biao who Lushan ........ Eighth August 1959 was building a People's Beijing ....... Ninth January 1961 Liberation Army (PLA) power Beijing ....... Tenth September 1962 base, and reverted to factionalism, calling his Beijing ....... Eleventh August 1966 opponents "revisionists." Beijing ....... Twelfth October The ensuing Cultural 1968 Revolution (1966-76) eventually required the PLA to restore stability because party and state organizations had been disrupted. CCP membership reached 20 million by 1966. Ninth Beijing ....... First April 1969 Party constitution of 1969 Lushan ........ Second September 1970 named Lin Biao as Mao's successor. Mao continued as chairman with Lin as vice chairman. Mao Zedong Thought extolled. New Central Committee included 45 percent military representation (27 percent on the Eighth Central Committee). Political outcome was to empower three factions: the Maoists; administrators around Zhou Enlai; and the PLA around Lin Biao. After Lin's 1971 attempted coup, PLA influence was reduced. Party membership was 28 million by 1973. Tenth Beijing....... First August 1973 Zhou's Enlai's policies Beijing ....... Second January 1975 strengthened with with rehabilitation of Beijing........ Third July 1977 purged leaders, notably Deng Xiaoping. After Zhou's death (January 1976), tensions increased. Mao's death in September 1976 precipitated open confrontation. Hua Guofeng, Mao's successor, arrested the Gang of Four and attempted to consolidate his position. But by July 1977, Hua faced a challenge from Deng Xiaoping, who regained all his posts at the Third Plenum. Party members increased to 35 million in 1977. Eleventh Beijing ....... First August 1977 Hua Guofeng continued party Beijing ....... Second February 1978 chairman. New party constitution of 1977 Beijing ....... Third December 1978 approved. Deng Xiaoping confirmed as party vice Beijing ....... Fourth September 1979 vice chairman, giving him a platform from which to Beijing....... Fifth February 1980 advocate reform. Hua's links to the Maoist Beijing ....... Sixth June 1981 legacy undercut his ability to lead, and at the Third Plenum, Deng's practical approach set the CCP on a course of reform instead of class struggle. Deng's forces assumed command with the rise of Zhao Ziyang and Hu Yaobang; reassessment of Mao's role preserved Mao Zedong Thought but condemned his mistakes in later years. Hua's resignation as party chairman was accepted and Hu Yaobang became chairman, as well as secretary general of the restored Secretariat. Party ranks increased to 40 million by 1981. Twelfth Beijing....... First September 1982 With emphasis on collective leadership, the new party Beijing ....... Second October 1983 constitution of 1982 Beijing ....... Third October 1984 abolished the post of party Beijing ....... Fourth September 1985 chairman. Deng further consolidated the reform Beijing ....... Fifth September 1985 leadership's position with high-level appointments and Beijing ....... Sixth September 1986 retirements of party veterans to new Central Advisory Commission. Party rectification and key urban economic reforms initiated. Additional elderly leaders retired and younger, better educated ones elevated at September 18-23, 1985 National Conference of Party Delegates. Hu Yaobang demoted at enlarged Political Bureau meeting in January 1987 for failing to control student demonstrations and thereby undermining party discipline and predominance. Party membership reached 46 million by 1987. Table 2. Selected Foreign-Trade Corporations and Enterprises, 1987 ________________________________________________________________ Corporation Subordinate to ________________________________________________________________ China Electronics Import and Export Ministry of Electronics Corporation (CEIEC) ................ Industry China Light Industrial Corporation Ministry of Light Industry for Foreign Economic and Technical Cooperation (LIGHTIND)............. China National Aero-Technology Import Ministry of Astronautics and Export Corporation (CATIC) .... China National Agricultural State of Machine-Building Machinery Import and Export Industry Commission Corporation (AGRIMEX) ............. China National Arts and Crafts Ministry of Foreign Economic Import and Export Corporation Relations and Trade (ARTCHINA) ........................ China National Cereals, Oils, and Ministry of Foreign Economic Foodstuffs Import and Export Relations and Trade Corporation (CEROILFOOD) ........... China National Chemicals Import and Ministry of Foreign Economic Export Corporation (SINOCHEM) ...... Relations and Trade China National Foreign Trade Ministry of Foreign Economic Transportation Import and Export Relations and Trade Corporation (SINOTRANS) ............ China National Import and Export Ministry of Foreign Economic Corporation of Medical Health Relations and Trade Products (MEHECO) .................. China National Instrument Import and Ministry of Foreign Economic Export Corporation (INSTRIMPEX) .... Relations and Trade China National Light Industrial Ministry of Foreign Economic Products Import and Export Relations and Trade Corporation (INDUSTRY) ............. China National Machinery and Equipment Ministry of Machine-Building Import and Export Corporation Industry Commission (EQUIMPEX) ......................... China National Machinery Import and Ministry of Foreign Economic Export Corporation (MACHIMPEX) ..... Relations and Trade China National Metallurgical Import Ministry of Metallurgical and Export Corporation (CMIEC) ..... Industry China National Metals and Minerals Ministry of Foreign Economic Import and Export Corporation Relations and Trade (MINMETALS) ........................ China National Native Produce and Ministry of Foreign Economic Animal Byproducts Import and Relations and Trade Export Corporation (CHINATUHSU) .... China National Offshore Oil Ministry of Petroleum Industry Corporation (CNOOC) ................ China National Packaging Import and Ministry of Foreign Economic Export Corporation (CHINAPACK) ..... Relations and Trade China National Publications Import State Science and Technology and Export Corporation Commission (PUBIMPORT) ........................ China National Seed Corporation Ministry of Agriculture, Animal (CNSC) ............................. Husbandry, and Fishery China National Technical Import and Ministry of Foreign Economic Export Corporation (TECHIMPORT) .... Relations and Trade China National Textiles Import and Ministry of Foreign Economic Export Corporation (CHINATEX) ...... Relations and Trade China Northern Industrial Ministry of Ordnance Industry Corporation (NORINCO) .............. China Nuclear Energy Industry Ministry of Nuclear Industry Corporation (CNIEC) ................ China Ocean Shipping Company Ministry of Communications (COSCO) ............................ China Oriental Scientific Instruments Chinese Academy of Sciences Import and Export Corporation (ASCHI) ............................ China Petrochemical Corporation State Council (SINOPEC) .......................... China Scientific Instruments and State Science and Technology Materials Corporation (CSMIC) ...... Commission China State Shipbuilding State Council Corporation (CSSC) ................. Great Wall Industrial Corporation Ministry of Astronautics (GWIC) ............................. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Table 3. Government Organizations, 1987* ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Leading Groups -------------- Central Job Titles Reform General Survey of China's Industry Commodity Prices Nationwide "Safety Month" Activities Electronics Industry Invigoration Nuclear Power Plants Enterprise Consolidation Rural Energy Development Foreign Funds and Management Science and Technology Sea, Land, and Air Ports Ministries ---------- Aeronautics Labor and Personnel Agriculture, Animal Husbandry, Light Industry and Fishery Metallurgical Industry Astronautics National Defense Chemical Industry Nuclear Industry Civil Affairs Petroleum Industry Coal Industry Posts and Telecommunications Commerce Public Health Communications Public Security Culture Radio, Cinema, and Television Electronics Industry Railways Finance State Security Foreign Affairs Supervision Foreign Economic Relations Textile Industry and Trade Urban and Rural Construction Forestry and Environmental Protection Geology and Minerals Water Resources and Electric Power Justice Commissions ----------- National Defense Science, State Nationalities Technology, and Industry State Planning State Economic State Physical Culture and Sports State Education State Restructuring of Economic System State Family Planning State Science and Technology State Machine-Building Industry Agencies -------- Auditing Administration State Import and Export Commodities China Council for the Promotion Inspection Administration of International Trade State Materials and Equipment Bureau China Shipping Inspection Bureau State Meteorological Administration China Travel and Tourism Bureau State Oceanography Bureau China Welfare Fund State Patent Bureau Foreign Experts Bureau State Pharmaceutical Administration General Administration State Seismological Administration of Civil Aviation State Standardization Bureau General Administration State Statistical Bureau of Customs State Supplies Bureau Nuclear Safety Administration State Tobacco Monopoly Administration Press and Publications State Weights and Measures Bureau Administration Trade Mark Bureau Religious Affairs Administration Xinhua (New China) News Agency State Administration of Exchange Control State Archives Bureau State Building Materials Industry Administration State Commodities Prices General Administration State Environmental Protection Bureau Offices ------- Central Greening Commission Hong Kong and Macao Affairs Office China Rural Development Research Center Media and Publications Office Chinese Olympic Committee National Academic Degree Counselors Office Committee Economic Legislation National Antarctic Survey Research Center Committee Economic, Technological, and Northeastern Economic Social Development Research Zone Planning Office Center Special Economic Zones Office Environmental Protection State Commission for Guiding Commission the Examination of Government Offices Economic Management Cadres Administrative Bureau State Language Work Committee Banks ----- Agricultural Bank Communications Bank Bank of China People's Bank of China China Industrial and Commercial People's Construction Bank Bank People's Insurance Company of China China Investment Bank ______________________________________________________________________ * The organizations in this list are subordinate to the State Council. ------------------------------------------------------------------ Table 4. Diplomatic Relations, 1949-87[1] ------------------------------------------------------------------ Year Year Country Established[2] Country Established[2] __________________________________________________________________ Afghanistan ............ 1955 Djibouti ............... 1979 Albania ................ 1949 Ecuador ................ 1980 Algeria[3].............. 1958 Egypt .................. 1956 Angola ................. 1983 Equatorial Guinea ...... 1970 Antigua and Barbuda .... 1983 Ethiopia ............... 1970 Argentina .............. 1972 Fiji ................... 1975 Australia .............. 1972 Finland ................ 1950 Austria ................ 1971 France ................. 1964 Bangladesh ............. 1975 Gabon .................. 1974 Barbados ............... 1977 Gambia ................. 1974 Belgium ................ 1971 Germany, East .......... 1949 Belize ................. 1987 Germany, West .......... 1972 Benin[4]................ 1964 Ghana[4]................ 1960 Bolivia ................ 1985 Greece ................. 1972 Botswana ............... 1975 Grenada ................ 1985 Brazil ................. 1974 Guinea ................. 1959 Bulgaria ............... 1949 Guinea-Bissau .......... 1974 Burkina Faso ........... 1973 Guyana ................. 1972 Burma .................. 1950 Hungary ................ 1949 Burundi[4] ............. 1963 Iceland ................ 1971 Cambodia[5] ............ 1958 India .................. 1950 Cameroon ............... 1971 Indonesia[6] ........... 1950 Canada ................. 1970 Iran ................... 1971 Cape Verde ............. 1976 Iraq ................... 1958 Central African Ireland ................ 1979 Republic[4] .......... 1964 Italy .................. 1970 Chad ................... 1972 Jamaica ................ 1972 Chile .................. 1970 Japan .................. 1972 Colombia ............... 1980 Jordan ................. 1977 Comoros ................ 1975 Kenya .................. 1963 Congo .................. 1964 Kiribati ............... 1980 Cte d'Ivoire .......... 1983 Korea, North ........... 1949 Cuba ................... 1960 Kuwait ................. 1971 Cyprus ................. 1972 Laos ................... 1962 Czechoslovakia ......... 1949 Lebanon ................ 1971 Denmark ................ 1950 Lesotho ................ 1983 Liberia ................ 1977 Senegal ................ 1971 Libya .................. 1978 Seychelles ............. 1976 Luxembourg ............. 1972 Sierra Leone ........... 1971 Madagascar ............. 1972 Somalia ................ 1960 Malaysia ............... 1974 Soviet Union ........... 1949 Maldives ............... 1972 Spain .................. 1973 Mali ................... 1960 Sri Lanka .............. 1957 Malta .................. 1972 Sudan .................. 1959 Mauritania ............. 1965 Suriname ............... 1976 Mauritius .............. 1972 Sweden ................. 1950 Mexico ................. 1972 Switzerland ............ 1950 Mongolia ............... 1949 Syria .................. 1956 Morocco ................ 1958 Tanzania ............... 1964 Mozambique ............. 1975 Thailand ............... 1975 Nepal .................. 1955 Togo ................... 1972 Netherlands[7].......... 1954 Trinidad and Tobago .... 1974 New Zealand ............ 1972 Tunisia[4] ............. 1964 Nicaragua .............. 1985 Turkey ................. 1971 Niger .................. 1974 Uganda ................. 1962 Nigeria ................ 1971 United Arab Emirates ... 1984 Norway ................. 1954 United Kingdom[7] ...... 1954 Oman ................... 1978 United States .......... 1979 Pakistan ............... 1951 Vanuatu ................ 1982 Papua New Guinea ....... 1976 Venezuela .............. 1974 Peru ................... 1971 Vietnam ................ 1950 Philippines ............ 1975 Western Samoa .......... 1975 Poland ................. 1949 Yemen, North ........... 1956 Portugal ............... 1979 Yemen, South ........... 1968 Romania ................ 1949 Yugoslavia ............. 1955 Rwanda ................. 1971 Zaire[4] ............... 1961 San Marino[8] .......... 1971 Zambia ................. 1964 Sao Tom and Principe .. 1975 Zimbabwe ............... 1980 ------------------------------------------------------------------ [1] Israel (1950) and Bhutan (1971) have recognized China, but diplomatic relations have not been established. China and Singapore have exchanged commercial representative offices since 1981, but have no formal diplomatic ties. [2] When a discrepancy exists between the year of recognition and the year in which full diplomatic relations went into effect, the latter date is given. [3] China established diplomatic relations with the provisional government of Algeria in 1958 before Algerian independence in 1962. [4] China's relations with six African nations were broken off in the 1960s and reestablished in the 1970s: Benin (broken off, 1966, resumed, 1972), Burundi (broken off, 1965, resumed, 1971), Central African Republic (broken off, 1966, resumed, 1976), Ghana (broken off, 1966, resumed, 1972), Tunisia (broken off, 1964, resumed 1971), and Zaire (broken off 1961, resumed, 1972). The Chinese embassy in Zaire closed soon after it opened in 1961. [5] Beijing recognizes the exiled Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea led by Prince Norodom Sihanouk. [6] Beijing's ties with Jakarta were broken off in 1967 after Indonesian accusations of Chinese involvement in a coup attempt. Diplomatic relations had not been restored as of mid-1987. [7] China's relations with the Netherlands and the United Kingdom were at the charg d'affaires level from 1954 until 1972, when They were upgraded to the ambassadorial level. In 1981 China reduced its level of representation in the Netherlands to charg d'affaires to protest the sale of Dutch submarines to Taiwan. Ambassadorial relations were reestablished in 1984. [8] Consular relations only. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- This file extracted from Dept. of Commerce, Economics & Statistic's Division's May 1994 NATIONAL TRADE DATA BANK (NDTB) CD-ROM, SuDoc C1.88:994/5/V.2 Processed 6/10/1994 by RCM (UM-St. Louis Libraries)/ AAH90101 . ARMY AREA HANDBOOK access is provided courtesy of UM-St. Louis Libraries Match 103 DB Rec# - 696 Dataset-ARMAN Source :U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY Source key :AR Program :ARMY AREA HANDBOOKS Program key :AR ARMAN Update sched. :Occasionally ID number :AR ARMAN CHINAAPP-C Title :APPENDIX - C Data type :TEXT End year :1994 Date of record:04/19/1994 Keywords 3 : | China Text : APPENDIX C THE PEOPLE'S LIBERATION ARMY AT A GLANCE Ground Forces Strength: 2,110,000 Group armies (main forces) 35 armies, comprising: 118 infantry divisions 13 armored divisions 17 artillery divisions 16 antiaircraft artillery divisions At least 71 independent regiments and 21 independent battalions (artillery, antiaircraft artillery, signal, antichemical warfare, reconnaissance, and engineer) Regional forces 73 divisions 140 independent regiments Major weapons systems Armor Type 80 main battle tank--105mm gun, 38 tons, had not yet entered production in 1987 Type 69 main battle tank--105mm gun, 36 tons, improved Type 59 tank Type 59 main battle tank--100mm gun, 36 tons, improved copy of Soviet T-54 tank Type 63 light tank--85mm gun, 18 tons, improved version of Soviet PT-76 amphibious light tank Type 62 light tank--85mm gun, 21 tons, reconnaissance version of Type 59 tank T-34 main battle tank--85mm gun, 32 tons, Soviet manufacture, may be given to regional forces M-1984 armored personnel carrier--6 x 6 wheeled type with 23mm gun M-1974 armored personnel carrier--2 crew, 20 passengers, 12.7mm machine gun, tracked, amphibious M-1967 armored personnel carrier--4 crew, 10 passengers, tracked, amphibious Artillery 152mm gun--Type 83, entered service in 1980s 152mm self-propelled howitzer--Type 83, entered service in 1980s 152mm gun/howitzer--Type 66, towed, copy of Soviet D-20 152mm howitzer--copy of Soviet M-1943 130mm field gun--Type 59-1, towed, same chassis as 122mm gun 122mm gun/howitzer--Type 83, copy of Soviet D-30 122mm gun--Type 60, towed, copy of Soviet D-74 122mm howitzer--Type 54, towed, copy of Soviet M-1938 122mm self-propelled howitzer--Type 54 howitzer mounted on M-1967 armored personnel carrier 85mm antitank gun--Type 55, towed, copy of Soviet D-44 130mm rocket launcher--Type 70, 19-tube, armored-personnel-carrier-mounted 130mm rocket launcher--Type 63, 19-tube, truck-mounted 122mm rocket launcher--Chinese version of Soviet BM-21 107mm rocket launcher--Type 63-1, 12-tube, towed M-1979 antitank minelaying rocket launcher--10 tubes Antiaircraft artillery 100mm antiaircraft gun--Type 59, radar, towed, copy of Soviet KS-19 85mm antiaircraft gun--radar, towed, copy of Soviet KS18 57mm antiaircraft gun--Type 59, radar or optic, towed, copy of Soviet S-60 37mm antiaircraft gun--Type 65, optic, towed, twin- barrel 37mm antiaircraft gun--Type 55, optic, towed, copy of Soviet M-1939 14.5mm antiaircraft machine gun--Type 58, optic, towed, 4-barrel copy of Soviet ZPU-2 14.5mm antiaircraft machine gun--Type 56, optic, towed, twin-barrel copy of Soviet ZPU-4 * * * * * Air Force Strength: 390,000, including 220,000 air defense personnel Combat elements organized in group armies of varying numbers of air divisions Weapons 100 surface-to-air missile sites 16,000 antiaircraft guns Aircraft 30 F-8/Finback fighters (indigenous model derived from Soviet designs) 200 F-7/Fishbed fighters (copy of MiG-21) 3,000 F-6/Farmer fighters (copy of MiG-19) 400 F-5/Fresco fighters (copy of MiG-17) 500 F-4/Fagot (copy of MiG-15) and A-5/Fantan (derived from F-6) ground attack fighters 120 B-6/Badger bombers (copy of Tu-16 intermediate-range bomber) 500 B-5/Beagle bombers (copy of Il-28 medium-range bomber) 550 transports (Y-5, Y-7, Y-8, Il-14, Il-18, Tridents, etc.) 400 helicopters (Z-5/6, Z-9, Alouette, Super Frelon, Bell, Super Puma, and Sikorsky) * * * * * Navy Strength: 350,000 including Coastal Defense Forces, Naval Air Force, and Marine Corps Ships and boats Submarines 2 Xia-class nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines (SSBN) (See Strategic Missile Force) 3 Han-class nuclear-powered attack submarines (SSN) 1 Golf-class ballistic missile submarine (SSB) (trials) 90 Romeo-class diesel attack submarines (SS) 20 Whiskey-class diesel attack submarines (SS) 2 Ming-class training submarines (SS) Surface combatants 11 Lda-class destroyers 4 Anshan-class destroyers 20 Jianghu-class frigates 2 Jiangdong-class frigates 4 Chengdu-class frigates 5 Jiangnan-class frigates 14 patrol combatants 181 patrol craft--large and river/coastal 877 fast-attack craft (gun, missile, or torpedo) 33 mine warfare ships 613 amphibious warfare ships and craft 49 support ships Naval Air Force 50 B-6/Badger bombers 130 B-5/Beagle bombers 600 fighters, including F-4, F-5, F-6, and F-7 * * * * * Strategic Missile Force Strength: 100,000 in 6 or 7 divisions Nuclear warheads: estimated between 225 and 300 Missiles 50 Dongfeng-2 (CSS-1) medium-range ballistic missiles (MRBM) (650nm) 60 Dongfeng-3 (CSS-2) intermediate-range ballistic missiles (IRBM) (1,620nm) 4 Dongfeng-4 (CSS-3) limited-range intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBM) (3,780nm) 2 Dongfeng-5 (CSS-4) full-range intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBM) (8,100nm) Submarines 2 Xia-class nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines (SSBN), each with 12 CSS-NX-4 IRBMs (1,190nm to 1,620nm) _________________________________________________________________ Source: Based on information from United States Defense Intelligence Agency, Handbook on the People's Liberation Army, Washington, 1984, various pages; and International Institute for Strategic Studies, The Military Balance, 1986-87, London, 1986, 140-45. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- This file extracted from Dept. of Commerce, Economics & Statistic's Division's May 1994 NATIONAL TRADE DATA BANK (NDTB) CD-ROM, SuDoc C1.88:994/5/V.2 Processed 6/10/1994 by RCM (UM-St. Louis Libraries)/ AAH90102 . ARMY AREA HANDBOOK access is provided courtesy of UM-St. Louis Libraries Match 104 DB Rec# - 697 Dataset-ARMAN Source :U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY Source key :AR Program :ARMY AREA HANDBOOKS Program key :AR ARMAN Update sched. :Occasionally ID number :AR ARMAN CHINABIB01 Title :BIBLIOGRAPHY: CHAPTER 1 Data type :TEXT End year :1994 Date of record:04/19/1994 Keywords 3 : | China Text : BIBLIOGRAPHY: CHAPTER 1 Barnett, A. Doak. Uncertain Pasage: China's Transition to the Post- Mao Era. Washington: Brookings Institution, 1974 Baum, Richard. Prelude to Revolution: Mao, the Party and the Pea- ant Question. New York: Columbia University Press, 1975. Bedeski, Robert E. "The Evolution of the Modern State in China: Na- tionalist and Communist Continuities," World Politics, XVII, No. 4, July 1975, 541-68. Bianco, Lucien. "People's China: 25 Years. 'Fu-chiang' and Red Fer- vor," Problems of Communism, XIII, September-October 1974, 2-9. Bridgham, Philip. 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(Hoover International Studies.) Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1980. U.S.-China Relations Program, Stanford University. Developments in PRC Science and Technology Policy. (Ten issues.) Stanford: 1977-80. Wang, Y. C. Chinese Intellectuals and the West, 1872-1949. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1966. Wu, Yuan-li, and Robert B. Sheeks. The Organization and Support of Scientific Research and Development in Mainland China. (Praeger Special Studies in International Economics and Development.) New York: Praeger, 1970. (Various issues of the following periodical were also used in the preparation of this chapter: Beijing Review [Beijing], January 7August 18, 1980.) -------------------------------------------------------------------------- This file extracted from Dept. of Commerce, Economics & Statistic's Division's May 1994 NATIONAL TRADE DATA BANK (NDTB) CD-ROM, SuDoc C1.88:994/5/V.2 Processed 6/10/1994 by RCM (UM-St. Louis Libraries)/ AAH90111 . ARMY AREA HANDBOOK access is provided courtesy of UM-St. Louis Libraries Match 113 DB Rec# - 706 Dataset-ARMAN Source :U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY Source key :AR Program :ARMY AREA HANDBOOKS Program key :AR ARMAN Update sched. :Occasionally ID number :AR ARMAN CHINABIB10 Title :BIBLIOGRAPHY: CHAPTER 10 Data type :TEXT End year :1994 Date of record:04/19/1994 Keywords 3 : | China Text : BIBLIOGRAPHY: CHAPTER 10 Ahn, Byung-joon. Chinese Politics and the Cultural Revolution: Dynamics of Policy Processes. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1977. ------. "The Cultural Revolution and China's Search for Political Order," China Quarterly [London], No. 58, April-Junc 1974, 249-85. Bedeski, Robert E. "The Concept of the State: Sun Yat-Sen and Mao Tse-tung," China Quarterly [London], No. 70, June 1977, 338-54. Chan, Steve. "Chinese Conflict Calculus and Behavior: Assessment from a Perspective of Conflict Management," World Politics, 30, No. 3, April 1978, 391-410. Chang, Parris H. "China: Politics and Policies. Mao's Last Stand?" Problems of Communism, XV, No. 4, July-August 1976, 1-17. ------. Radicals and Radical Ideology in China's Cultural Revolu- tion. New York: Research Institute on Communist Affairs, Colum- bia University, 1973. ------. "The Tensions Behind the Pelting Congress," Christian Science Monitor, August 29, 1980, 23. China. The Constitution of the People's Republic of China. (Adopted March 5, 1978, by Fifth National People's Congress of Pcople's Republic of China at its First Session.) Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1978. Domes, Jurgen. "China in 1976: Tremors of Transition," Asian Survey, XVII, No. 1, January 1977, 1-17- ------. "China in 1977: Reversal of Verdicts," Asian Survey, XVIII, No. 1, January 1978, 1-16. ------. "The Chinese Leadership Crisis: Doom of an Heir," Orbis, XVII, No. 3, Fall 1973, 863-79. "East-West Trade: China's Quest for Technology,' Problems of Communism, XII, No. 4, July-August 1973, 16-30. Falkenheim, Victor C. 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ARMY AREA HANDBOOK access is provided courtesy of UM-St. Louis Libraries Match 116 DB Rec# - 709 Dataset-ARMAN Source :U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY Source key :AR Program :ARMY AREA HANDBOOKS Program key :AR ARMAN Update sched. :Occasionally ID number :AR ARMAN CHINABIB13 Title :BIBLIOGRAPHY: CHAPTER 13 Data type :TEXT End year :1994 Date of record:04/19/1994 Keywords 3 : | China Text : BIBLIOGRAPHY: CHAPTER 13 Berney, Karen A. "China's New Revolution Introduces Democracy," China Business Review [Hong Kong], 4, No. 5, September-October 1979, 45-49- Bodde, Derk, and Clarence Morris. Law in Imperial China. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1967. Bowden, Tom, and David S. G. Goodman. The Heroes of Tien An Men': Public Security in China," journal of the Royal United Services Intitute for Defence Studies [London], 121, No. 4, December 1976, 20-26. Braybrooke, George. "Recent Developments in Chinese Social Science 1977-79," China Quarterly [London], No. 79, September 1979, 593-606. 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(Various issues of the following periodicals were also used in the preparation of this chapter: Air University Annual Bibliography of Military Publication (Maxwell Air Force Base]; Foreign Broadcat Information Service Daily Report: People's Republic of China [Washington], April 1976-August 1980; joint Publication Research Service: China Report; Political, Sociological and Military Affairs and China Report, Red Flag [Washington], January 16, 1979-June 28, 1980; journal of Asian Studies Annual Bibliography [Pittsburgh]; New York Times, January 3-March 20, 1979, and June 24-July 6, 1980; Pacific Affairs (Vancouver]; Wahington Post, January 3-March 20, 1979, and June 24-July 6, 1980; and Washington Star, -------------------------------------------------------------------------- This file extracted from Dept. of Commerce, Economics & Statistic's Division's May 1994 NATIONAL TRADE DATA BANK (NDTB) CD-ROM, SuDoc C1.88:994/5/V.2 Processed 6/10/1994 by RCM (UM-St. Louis Libraries)/ AAH90116 . ARMY AREA HANDBOOK access is provided courtesy of UM-St. Louis Libraries Match 118 DB Rec# - 711 Dataset-ARMAN Source :U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY Source key :AR Program :ARMY AREA HANDBOOKS Program key :AR ARMAN Update sched. :Occasionally ID number :AR ARMAN CHINAGLOSS Title :GLOSSARY Data type :TEXT End year :1994 Date of record:04/19/1994 Keywords 3 : | China Text : GLOSSARY barefoot doctor--Especially during the Cultural Revolution (q.v.), a paramedical worker possessing minimal formal training who provided part-time medical service, primarily in rural areas. Promoted basic hygiene, preventive health care, and family planning and treated common illnesses. Acted as a primary health-care provider at the grass-roots level. big-character posters (dazibao)--Posters, limited-circulation newspapers, excerpted press articles, pamphlets, and blackboard news using large-sized ideographs and mounted on walls as a popular form of communication. Used in China since imperial times but more commonly since literacy increased after the 1911 revolution. Used more frequently after 1949 to publicize party programs and as a means of protest. Became ubiquitous during the Cultural Revolution (q.v.); guaranteed as one of the "four big rights" in the 1975 state constitution. cadre--Person who holds any responsible position in either the party or the governmental apparatus throughout the nation. Term usually denotes a person in administrative work. It often denotes, in a more restricted sense, a person who has been fully indoctrinated in party ideology and methods and uses this training in his or her work. China Proper--Used broadly to mean China within the Great Wall, with its eighteen historic provinces. Divisible into two major, sharply contrasting regions, north China and south China. The dependencies on the north and west--Manchuria (now usually referred to as northeast China), Mongolia, Xizang (Tibet), and Xinjiang or Chinese Turkestan--were known in the imperial era as Outer China. Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC)--A quasi-constitutional united front (q.v.) organization that provides an institutional framework for interaction between party and state leaders and representatives of mass groups and democratic parties (q.v.). Members include distinguished scholars, educators, and intellectuals, key representatives of religious and minority nationality groups, and leading members of political parties loyal to the Chinese Communist Party during the anti-Guomindang years. The first CPPCC convened in 1949, the second in 1954, the third in 1959, the fourth in 1964, the fifth in 1978, and the sixth in 1983, the seventh was scheduled for 1988. The CPPCC's 1949 Common Program served as the law of the land until superseded by the 1954 state constitution. class struggle--In Marxist terms, the conflict waged by the masses of the workers and the oppressed under the leadership of the communist party against the privileged, oppressive, and property-owning ruling class. Until late 1978, class struggle was the official line of the Chinese Communist Party. Comintern--Short form for Communist International or the Third International, which was founded in Moscow in 1919 to coordinate the world communist movement. Officially disbanded in 1943, the Comintern was revived as the Cominform (Communist Information Bureau) from 1947 to 1956. county (xian)--Rural administrative unit below the provincial level. Cultural Revolution--A slogan introduced by Mao Zedong in 1940, noted again by Liu Shaoqi in 1958, and used more frequently in connection with leftist attacks on the "cultural front" in late 1965 and early 1966. The expression was used to denote the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, a political campaign officially inaugurated in August 1966 to rekindle revolutionary fervor of the masses outside formal party organizations. The Cultural Revolution decade (1966-76) can be divided into three periods: 1966-69, from the militant Red Guard (q.v.) phase to the Ninth National Party Congress; 1969-71, the period of the zenith and demise of Lin Biao; and 1971-76, the period of Mao's declining health and the ascendancy of the Gang of Four (q.v.). At the August 1977 Eleventh National Party Congress, the Cultural Revolution was declared officially to have ended with the arrest in October 1976 of the Gang of Four. danwei (work unit)--The basic-level organization through which party and government officials control social, political, and economic behavior of residents. The danwei typically controls the allocation of housing, grain, edible oil, and cotton rations; the issuance of permits to travel, to marry, and to bear or adopt children; and permission to enter the army, party, and university and to change employment. "Democracy Wall"--A wall in the Xidan district in Beijing where, beginning in December 1978, in line with the party's policy of "seeking truth from facts," activists in the democracy movement recorded news and ideas, often in the form of big-character posters (q.v.). These activists were encouraged to criticize the Gang of Four and previous (failed) government policies, but the wall was closed in December 1979 when the leadership and the communist party system were being criticized along with past mistakes and leaders. The shutdown coincided with suppression of political dissent. democratic centralism--A system through which the people influence the policies of the government and party members influence the policies of the party; while the government and party maintain centralized administrative power to carry out the policies demanded by their constituents. Within both representative and executive organizations, the minority must abide by the decisions of the majority, and lower bodies must obey the orders of the higher level organizations. The concept, derived from the organizing principles of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, was called for as early as 1928 by Mao Zedong. democratic parties--Eight political parties that have been loyal to the communist government since 1949. They are China Association for Promoting Democracy, China Democratic League, China Democratic National Construction Association, China Zhi Gong Dang (Party for Public Interest), Chinese Peasants' and Workers' Democratic Party, Jiusan (September Third) Society, Guomindang Revolutionary Committee, and Taiwan Democratic Self-Government League. "expert"--Term usually juxtaposed with "red" (q.v.). Denotes special knowledge or skills, or both, relating to economic management, science, and technology. Cadres are required to be both red and expert, the emphasis on one or the other depending on the current political milieu. fiscal year (FY)--January 1 to December 31. Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence--Mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and sovereignty; mutual nonaggression; mutual noninterference in each other's internal affairs; equality and mutual benefit; and peaceful coexistence. Originated with a 1954 agreement between Zhou Enlai and India's Jawaharlal Nehru. four cardinal principles--Socialism; dictatorship of the proletariat; supporting the party leadership; and Marxism-Leninism-Mao Zedong Thought. In vogue in China since 1979. Four Modernizations--The core of a development strategy aimed at turning the country into a relatively advanced industrialized nation by the year 2000. The modernizations are those of agriculture, industry, science and technology, and national defense. The concept was embodied first in the Third Five-Year Plan (1966-70), launched in earnest by Zhou Enlai at the Fourth National People's Congress (1975), and adopted as the official party line at the Third Plenum of the Eleventh Central Committee (December 1978). Gang of Four--Term used by the post-Mao leadership to denote the four leading radical figures--Jiang Qing (Mao's fourth wife), Zhang Chunqiao, Yao Wenyuan, and Wang Hongwen--who played a dominant political role during the Cultural Revolution (q.v.) decade (1966-76) until Mao's death in September 1976 and their arrest several weeks later. Their "antiparty" deeds are often linked with Lin Biao, an early leader of the Cultural Revolution, who also has been discredited. Great Leap Forward--A drive to increase industrial and agricultural production following the suspension of Soviet aid and the desire to catch up with the advanced nations of the world. The campaign was conceived by Mao Zedong in late 1957, adopted by the National People's Congress (q.v.)in 1958; it continued through 1960. Emphasis was placed on accelerated collectivization of agriculture, national self-sufficiency, and labor-intensive methods. The campaign resulted in widespread waste of resources and was partially responsible for famine in 1960 and 1961. Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution--See Cultural Revolution. gross national product (GNP)--The total value of final goods and services produced in the economy. The "estimated GNP" figures used in the text are estimates by United States government analysts of Chinese GNP according to the U.S. definition, which includes personal consumption, gross investment, all government expenditures, and net exports. Through mid-1987, Chinese calculations of national income excluded government and personal services, passenger transportation, and depreciation investment. Han--Also Han Chinese. Term used to designate the ethnic majority, which constitutes 93 percent of the population. The fifty-five minority nationalities make up the remainder. Hundred Flowers Campaign--Also Double Hundred Campaign. Party-sponsored initiative to permit greater intellectual and artistic freedom. Introduced first into drama and other arts in the spring of 1956 under the official slogan "Let a hundred flowers bloom, let the hundred schools of thought contend." With Mao's encouragement in January 1957, the campaign was extended to intellectual expression and, by early May 1957, was being interpreted as permission for intellectuals to criticize political institutions of the regime. The effect was the large-scale exposure and purge of intellectuals critical of party and government policies. "iron rice bowl"--A Chinese idiom referring to the system of guaranteed lifetime employment in state enterprises, in which the tenure and level of wages are not related to job performance. Long March--The 12,500-kilometer-long trek made by the Red Army in the face of the Guomindang's "annihilation campaigns." Began in October 1934 in Jiangxi Province and ended in October 1935 in Shaanxi Province. Some 100,000 persons left the communist base area in Jiangxi but only about 28,000 arrived in Yan'an, Chinese Communist Party headquarters for the next decade. It was during the Long March that Mao Zedong gained his preeminent role in the party. Mao Zedong Thought--Sayings and writings of Mao that served as a major source of national ideology until his death in 1976 and since then have undergone a cautious but critical reappraisal. By 1980 the meaning of the term had expanded to include the collective thoughts of all key party leaders. "mass line"--Term for party policy aimed at broadening and cultivating contacts with the masses of the people and to accentuate the leadership role of the Chinese Communist Party. mass movement--Derived from the concept of "mass line" (q.v.). Party-directed campaign designed to mobilize the masses in support or execution of major policies. Such movements were characteristic of the 1950s through the 1970s and were controlled and coordinated by permanent mass organizations. National People's Congress--Highest organ of the state, elected in accordance with the principles of democratic centralism (q.v.). As of 1987, six congresses had been held, the first (1954), second (1959), third (1965), fourth (1975), fifth (1978), and sixth (1982), the seventh was scheduled for 1988; annual sessions were held most years except during the Cultural Revolution (q.v.). The Standing Committee is the permanent organ of the National People's Congress and functions between annual sessions. neighborhood--Term in general use in China for the urban administrative unit usually found immediately below the district level, although an intermediate, subdistrict level exists in some cities. Also called streets (administrative terminology varies from city to city). Neighborhoods encompass 2,000 to 10,000 families. Within neighborhoods, families are grouped into smaller residential units of 100 to 600 families and supervised by a residents' committee; these are subdivided into residents' small groups of fifteen to forty families. New Culture Movement--Refers to the period between 1917 and 1923, which was marked by student and intellectual ferment and protests against the warlord government. Culminated in the May Fourth Movement of 1919. one country, two systems--A policy originating in the early 1980s that promotes reunification of Hong Kong, Macao,and Taiwan with the mainland and offers them a high degree of autonomy as special administrative regions of China. Through separate agreements with Britain and Portugal, Hong Kong and Macao are to revert to Chinese control in 1997 and 1999, respectively. overseas Chinese--Term usually used to refer to any person of Chinese origin living abroad on a permanent basis, without regard to his or her current citizenship. Overseas Chinese minorities are concentrated principally in Southeast Asia but are also found in other parts of Asia, the Middle East, Europe, North America, South America, and the Caribbean. Overseas Chinese have long been important to the government in power in China as a source of business contacts and of financial and moral support from abroad. The majority of foreign investment in China is by overseas Chinese, and more than 90 percent of all foreign tourists who visit China are overseas Chinese. Also used in China to refer to persons living in China who have returned from sojourns abroad. people's commune--Formerly the highest of three administrative levels in rural areas in the period from 1958 to 1982-85, when they were replaced by townships (q.v.). Communes, the largest collective units, were divided in turn into production brigades and production teams (q.v.). The communes had governmental, political, and economic functions. production brigade--Formerly the intermediate administrative level in the people's commune system, the organizational structure of the collective sector in agriculture. The highest level was the commune; the lowest, the production team. Most brigades were transformed into townships or villages in the period from 1982 to 1985. (See also people's commune, production team, townships, villages.) production team--Formerly the basic accounting and farm production unit in the people's commune system. Production teams were largely disbanded during the agricultural reforms of 1982-85. In the administrative hierarchy, the team was the lowest level, the next higher levels being the production brigade and people's commune. Typically the team owned most of the land and was responsible for income distribution. Since 1984 most teams have been replaced by villages. (See also people's commune, production brigade, village.) putonghua--The common spoken language; also called guoyu (national language). The official spoken language of China, used in its various forms by more than 70 percent of the population. The People's Republic government started promoting putonghua in 1956 for use in schools, the cultural arena, and daily life as a means of bringing about the standardization of the language used by the Han (q.v.) nationality. Putonghua is based on the northern dialect, and uses Beijing pronunciations as its standard. "red"--A term referring to political and ideological attitudes prescribed by Maoist doctrine. Usually juxtaposed with "expert" (q.v.), the term was seldom used in the 1980s. Red Guards--Generally used to refer to young people--primarily students--in their teens and twenties who began in May 1966 to support the leftist intraparty struggle then emerging against Liu Shaoqi and others. They made world famous the "little red book," Quotations from Chairman Mao, and were known for their use of big-character posters (q.v.) during the Cultural Revolution (q.v.). Acting under the leadership of Mao and his radical adherents, Red Guards were the "soldiers" and the vanguard of the Cultural Revolution. The term Red Guard was derived from the early days of the Chinese Communist Party's armed struggle. rehabilitation--A practice dating from the early years of the Chinese Communist Party. Denotes the reinstatement in positions of responsibility of former government and party officials and military personnel who had been accused of wrongdoing. Rehabilitations sometimes take place posthumously to clear a former leader's name and reputation. responsibility system--A practice, first adopted in agriculture in 1981 and later extended to other sectors of the economy, by which local managers are held responsible for the profits and losses of the enterprise. This system partially supplanted the egalitarian distribution method, whereby the state assumed all profits and losses. revisionism--As used by communists, term refers to political, economic, and social tendencies that stray to the right of orthodox Marxism-Leninism. The Chinese communists long insisted that these tendencies were counterrevolutionary and that internal and external enemies (such as the Soviet Union) were infected by this negative phenomenon. Socialist Education Movement--Inaugurated in September 1962 at the Tenth Plenum of the Eighth National Party Congress Central Committee as a mass ideological campaign for both party cadre and the general population. The movement was patterned along the lines of the Yan'an rectification campaign of 1942-45 and was intended to increase ideological "correctness" and consciousness, especially in regard to reversing "capitalist" and "revisionist" tendencies perceived in social and economic life. The Socialist Education Movement, which continued at least until 1965, is considered a precursor of the Cultural Revolution (q.v.). special economic zones--Small coastal areas established beginning in 1979 to promote economic development and introduction of advanced technology through foreign investment. Special preferential terms and facilities are offered to outside investors in taxation, land-use fees, and entry and exit control for joint ventures, cooperative ventures, and enterprises with sole foreign investment. Special economic zones have greater decision-making power in economic activities than provincial-level units. Market regulation is primary. township (xiang)--The basic government administrative unit below the county level in rural areas. Townships existed before people's communes were organized in 1958 and were reconstituted when production brigades and communes were disbanded during the period 1982-85. Each township has a people's congress and an elected chairman. In the mid-1980s, townships were about the same size as the communes they had replaced. (See also county, people's communes, productions brigades.) united front--Chinese Communist Party strategy that attempts to utilize an organization or movement for the purpose of building a consensus and an organized following for party-supported programs and goals. Historically, the term is associated with the Guomindang-Chinese Communist Party first united front (1923-27) and second united front (1937-45). village (nong cun)--Replaced production brigades (q.v.) from 1982 to 1985 as the lowest-level semiofficial government entity. They provide bureaucratic coordination, and welfare payments and settle disputes. Party branches are usually organized at the village level. yuan (-Y)--China's monetary unit, which in mid-1987 had an exchange rate of US$1 to -Y3.72, or -Y1 to US$.269. The yuan is divided into 100 fen, and 10 fen constitute 1 jiao. The currency is known as renminbi (RMB), meaning the people's currency. The inscription renminbi (or renminbiao) appears on bank notes as well as yuan, and the terms renminbi and yuan are used synonymously in quoting exchange rates. In transactions the terms are universally replaced by the word kuai (piece). Beginning in the early 1980s, the standard currency was paralleled by a special currency called Foreign Exchange Certificates, which were -------------------------------------------------------------------------- This file extracted from Dept. of Commerce, Economics & Statistic's Division's May 1994 NATIONAL TRADE DATA BANK (NDTB) CD-ROM, SuDoc C1.88:994/5/V.2 Processed 6/10/1994 by RCM (UM-St. Louis Libraries)/ AAH90118 .